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• Purpura Hemorrhagica in Horses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · February 20, 2012

  Purpura hemorrhagica is defined as a condition of hemorrhage and edema that is triggered by an allergic-type reaction. Most often, this disease is associated with strangles, but it can occur following infections with any streptococcal bacteria or virus (influenza).

• Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis in Horses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · February 1, 2012

  Equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME), known more commonly as Potomac horse fever, is a disease that causes clinical signs of fever, inappetence, and diarrhea.

• Diagnosis of Liver Disease in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 6, 2012

  A spotty appearance of the liver in ultrasound examinations of horses doesn’t necessarily mean the horse has liver disease, according to a study conducted at Texas A&M University.

• Gastric Ulcers and Behavior in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 29, 2011

  Many horses that show irritability, low-level colic, poor appetite, and resistance to work may be reacting to the discomfort of gastric ulcers. But do all horses with gastric ulcers show these signs?

• Ringworm in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 21, 2011

  Caused by a fungus, ringworm can be passed from horse to horse and also from horses to humans. Winter, with its fuzzy-coated horses and frequent use of blankets, is a common time for ringworm to show up.

• Malignant Hyperthermia in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 19, 2011

  Malignant hyperthermia is a genetic disorder of horses confined to Quarter Horses and members of related breeds such as Appaloosas and Paints.

• Survey on Seasonal Pasture Myopathy in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 2, 2011

  Scientists are asking for your help in finding answers to seasonal pasture myopathy, a disease characterized by heavy sweating, muscle twitching, and weakness.

• Upper Respiratory Infection in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 21, 2011

  Fall, winter, and spring are prime time for diseases of the respiratory tract, and are often caused by one or more of four common pathogens.

• Cortisol Rhythm and Colic in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 21, 2011

  Cortisol is one measure of stress in horses, with higher blood levels indicating that the horse is increasingly stressed by health, environmental, or performance factors.

• Vitamin E Indicated for Horses Having Colic Surgery

  By Dr. Peter Huntington · November 16, 2011

  High doses of antioxidants, including natural vitamin E, should be part of the treatment regimen for horses having colic surgery.

• Hendra Virus Threatens Australian Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 14, 2011

  Hendra virus is transmitted from large fruit bats to horses, and then from horses to humans.

• Recent Colic Research Update

  By Dr. Peter Huntington · November 2, 2011

  Recent research has identified one reason why stabled horses have a higher risk/incidence of colic.

• Check Biosecurity Risk for Your Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 18, 2011

  The University of Guelph has developed the Equine Biosecurity Risk Calculator, a tool designed to grade horse owners on biosecurity management practices at their farms.

• Gene Mutation for Muscle Disease Found in Haflingers

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 17, 2011

  In a recent study, scientists set out to determine the occurrence and frequency of mutation in the gene coding for skeletal muscle glycogen synthase type 1 (GYS-1) in a herd of Haflingers.

• New Research on Herpesvirus in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 7, 2011

  The Morris Animal Foundation is supporting new and continuing research in hopes of developing an improved vaccine against equine herpesvirus-1, a highly contagious pathogen.

• Colic in Horses: Bad News, Good News

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 30, 2011

  So what’s the good news about colic? The vast majority of cases either resolve on their own or can be successfully treated with pain medication and fluid therapy.

• Avoid Shipping Fever in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 30, 2011

  Shipping fever is the term used to describe an infection and inflammation of a horse’s lower respiratory tract seen after the horse has been transported.

• Update: PSSM in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 29, 2011

  Tying-up is a baffling and sometimes frightening disease for horses and their caretakers. Signs range from a mere reluctance to move to severe colic and recumbency.

• Lipomas: Deadly Tumors in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 22, 2011

  A lipoma is a fatty tumor that forms in a horse’s abdominal cavity. The situation doesn’t always cause an immediate problem, but can prevent ingested material from passing and cut off the blood supply to the compressed tissue.

• Muscle Atrophy in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 16, 2011

  When muscle atrophy occurs, the primary concerns to a horse owner are whether the muscle will regenerate and how to treat the horse to help it recover.

• Preventing Colic and Laminitis After a Horse Overeats

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 13, 2011

  A horse bingeing on grain is always a cause for concern, but with a plan and veterinary assistance, horse owners can help to keep ill effects of equine overeating to a minimum.

• Supplements for Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome Researched

  By Dr. Peter Huntington · September 12, 2011

  Summary of several research studies on magnesium and chromium for horses with equine metabolic syndrome.

• Gastric Impaction in Horses: Usually a Good Prognosis

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 7, 2011

  Horses that eat very rapidly, do not chew their feed well, do not have access to water, or eat feeds that tend to swell after ingestion are prime candidates for gastric impaction.

• Study: Metformin Doesn’t Help Insulin Resistance in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · August 29, 2011

  Metformin, a drug often prescribed to human patients with insulin resistance, apparently doesn’t help horses with the same problem.

• Equine Influenza

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · August 22, 2011

  Influenza in horses is a viral respiratory tract infection that causes coughing, nasal discharge, and elevated body temperature.

• Feeding Mustard Won’t Cure Tying-Up in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · August 15, 2011

  Because mustard contains acetic acid, some horse owners believe supplementing with the condiment will boost acetylcholine levels and prevent tying-up.

• Hendra Virus Information Available to Horse Owners

  By Press Release · August 4, 2011

  Biosecurity Queensland has launched a campaign to encourage all Queensland horse owners and handlers to utilize an information pack on Hendra virus.

• Dourine in Horses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · July 29, 2011

  All horses imported into the United States are tested for dourine, a venereal disease, except if imported from Iceland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

• Don’t Expose Your Horse to Equine Herpesvirus

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · July 28, 2011

  How can you protect your horses from EHV-1? The answer involves vaccination and careful management.

• Management of Horses with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · July 25, 2011

  Dusts and molds contained within horse feed and bedding can trigger the allergic responses within the lung that ultimately result in development of COPD.

• Vaccinate Horses Against Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · July 25, 2011

  The American Association of Equine Practitioners recommends inoculation against EEE as a core vaccination for all horses.

• Hendra Virus Reported in North Queensland

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · July 14, 2011

  A North Queensland horse property has been quarantined after a horse there tested positive for Hendra virus.

• Equine Herpesvirus Affects Travel

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · July 11, 2011

  If owners plan interstate transport for their horses, they are advised to check current regulations in the states through which the horse will travel.

• Queensland Hendra Cases Under Investigation

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · July 7, 2011

  Biosecurity officials are investigating Hendra virus situations on three Queensland properties.

• Neurologic Signs After Deworming Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · July 6, 2011

  While most horses tolerate paste deworming products with no adverse effects, a report from Texas A & M University indicated occasional reactions have been documented.

• Hendra Virus Reported in Queensland

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · June 30, 2011

  A horse in the Beaudesert area of Queensland, Australia, has died and tested positive for Hendra virus.

• Rhodococcus equi Infection in Foals

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · June 29, 2011

  Rhodococcus equi is a bacterium that causes mainly pneumonia in foals from one to six months of age. The bacterium produces abscesses in the lungs, and the abdominal lymph nodes are often also affected.

• Lyme Disease in Horses: Diagnosis and Treatment

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · June 14, 2011

  Spread by the bites of affected ticks, Lyme disease can cause muscle pain and stiffness, mild lameness, and behavioral changes such as a dull or depressed attitude in affected animals, including horses.

• New Research on the Equine Immune System

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · June 13, 2011

  Several recent research projects have led to a better understanding of the equine immune system.

• Hendra Virus Vaccine Developed for Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · June 9, 2011

  A vaccine to protect horses from Hendra virus has been developed and could be on the market as early as 2011.

• Horses Needed for Moon Blindness Study

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · June 8, 2011

  The Louisiana State University's School of Veterinary Medicine is looking for horses with equine recurrent uveitis that can participate in a study.

• Horses Can Benefit from Postexposure Rabies Protocol

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · June 7, 2011

  If unvaccinated horses are exposed to rabies, postexposure rabies prophylaxis treatment should be started as soon as possible.

• EPM Diagnostic Test Developed for Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · June 2, 2011

  A new diagnostic test for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) measures the antibody response of horses to immunogenic proteins located on the surface of Sarcocystis neurona.

• Hendra Virus Equine Vaccine in Development

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · May 27, 2011

  Scientists have made a major breakthrough in better understanding how Hendra spreads from infected horses.

• How Can Lysine Supplementation Help Treat Equine Herpesvirus Infections?

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · May 20, 2011

  Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infections can cause severe neurologic disease, and supplemental lysine has been suggested as a potential preventive or treatment for EHV-1 encephalomyelitis based on its use in other species.

• Removal of Molars in Horses Using a Surgical Approach

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · May 18, 2011

  Surgical removal of diseased or damaged molars through the cheek is possible when oral extraction cannot be performed, but there are risks associated with the procedure.

• Equine Neurologic Exam: What to Look For

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · May 16, 2011

  A veterinarian can tell a lot about a horse's neurologic condition simply by watching the horse move and interact with his environment.

• Equine Herpesviruses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · May 16, 2011

  Equine herpesvirus (EHV) infections have gained much attention for their role in outbreaks of neurologic disease or abortions.

• Equine Atypical Myopathy

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · May 13, 2011

  Equine atypical myopathy (EAM) is a muscle disease seen in pastured horses in Europe.

• Equine Piroplasmosis

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · May 12, 2011

  Ticks that feed on infected horses and then bite uninfected animals are able to spread the disease to other equines.

• Pythiosis Skin Infections in Horses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · May 10, 2011

  Pythiosis in horses usually occurs as a serious skin infection.

• Tying-Up in Standardbred Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · May 9, 2011

  A study of Standardbreds showed that about 6.4% of studied horses had a history of tying-up.

• Chronic Respiratory Disease and Electroacupuncture in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · May 3, 2011

  Researchers say electroacupuncture might be useful in the treatment of chronic respiratory disease.

• Unusual Neurological Signs Reported in Australian Horses

  By Press Release · April 27, 2011

  Biosecurity officials are continuing to receive reports of horses showing unusual neurological signs in South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales.

• Anemia in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · April 27, 2011

  Signs of anemia in horses may include poor performance, lack of energy, weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite, and depression.

• Laminitis and Gene Expression in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · April 26, 2011

  Changes in gene regulation preceded signs of pain or discomfort, development of vascular changes, separation of dermal-epidermal tissues, and inflammation in horses with laminitis.

• Arabian Horse Mutation Linked to Cerebellar Abiotrophy

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · April 21, 2011

  A genetic mutation is the cause of cerebellar abiotrophy, an untreatable neurologic disorder that mainly affects horses of Arabian breeding.

• Feeding Horses with Neurologic Disease

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · April 13, 2011

  The main goals of feeding horses with neurologic disease are to supplement vitamin E and ensure that horses continue eating a good-quality, balanced diet.

• Equine Bone Fragility Syndrome

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · April 4, 2011

  Horses with equine bone fragility syndrome have a type of osteoporosis that is associated with inflammation of the lungs and lymph nodes caused by silicosis.

• Update on Seasonal Nervous Disease of Horses

  By Dr. Peter Huntington · March 29, 2011

  The high summer rainfall and subsequent floods have been associated with an unusual incidence of nervous disease in horses in Victoria, Southern New South Wales, and South Australia.

• Foal Diarrhea

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 25, 2011

  Before foal diarrhea can be successfully treated, the cause must be identified, as foals can develop this problem in several different ways.

• Disinfecting a Stall

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 24, 2011

  Routine stall cleaning goes a long way toward keeping barns clean and horses healthy, but disinfecting a stall after it has been used for foaling or housing a sick horse is much more involved.

• Treating EPM

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 23, 2011

  A new treatment option has been developed for horses suffering from equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM).

• Foal Pneumonia

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 17, 2011

  Foals seem to become infected during the first few days of life, apparently picking R. equi bacteria up from soil and manure.

• Colic in Foals

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 16, 2011

  Colic, a general term that describes abdominal discomfort, can affect horses of all ages, even the very young.

• Equine Proliferative Enteropathy

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 15, 2011

  Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is a gastrointestinal disease that results in thickened intestine and slower growth for weanling horses.

• Quarantine: Preventing Disease

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 14, 2011

  Keeping a new horse isolated from other animals is the safest procedure to prevent the spread of disease.

• Australian Equine Disease Alphabet

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 11, 2011

  Equine diseases, conditions, or problems are frequently referred to by their initials. Here are full names, a brief explanation of each condition, and management tips, if applicable.

• Runny Nose: Should You Call the Vet?

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 10, 2011

  Some nasal discharge could be caused by a range of problems: an infected tooth or sinus, a bacterial or viral condition, or even some sort of injury caused by a kick to the face or jaw.

• Unexplained Neurological Disease Reported in Horses

  By Dr. Peter Huntington · March 8, 2011

  Horse owners in NSW, Victoria and SA should be aware that there are reports of horses in a number of locations displaying unusual neurological signs.

• New Weapon Against Scratches

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 3, 2011

  Kunzea oil, an essential oil historically used by Australian aborigines, was tested as a treatment for scratches.

• Equine Diseases: EEE, WEE, WNV, and VEE

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 3, 2011

  Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE), West Nile virus (WNV), and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) have some things in common. All can infect horses; all are spread by mosquitoes, and all can generally be prevented through vaccination.

• Common Diseases of Older Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 1, 2011

  Maladies of the digestive, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and endocrine systems are the problems seen most often in older horses and ponies.

• Treating Equine Eye Irritation

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · March 1, 2011

  An implant was developed several years ago that would automatically dispense medication directly into a horse's eye.

• Management Practices to Minimize Colic

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 28, 2011

  Reducing the occurrence of colic is possible when sound management practices are followed.

• Strangles Test Developed

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 23, 2011

  A rapid diagnostic test for strangles has been perfected by a team of researchers.

• Mistletoe for Sarcoid Treatment

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 22, 2011

  Mistletoe extract is one of the most recent developments in sarcoid treatment.

• Decreasing the Risk of Colic in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 22, 2011

  Many factors may cause the pain associated with colic in horses.

• Participants Needed for Shivers Study

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 16, 2011

  The goal of the research project is to learn more about breed, age, gender, diet, exercise, and other factors that may be related to shivers.

• Enteroliths in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 14, 2011

  Enteroliths are mineral masses that form in the colon of a horse. Usually these stones build up in thin layers around a bit of foreign matter (a small piece of wood, wire, hair, or other material) that the horse has swallowed.

• Rain Rot in Horses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · February 9, 2011

  The common name "rain rot" comes from the association of dermatophilosis with wet conditions.

• Economy: Spell It EEE

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 1, 2011

  Outbreaks of EEE can occur on a cyclic basis related to mosquito and bird populations in an area.

• Equine Motor Neuron Disease

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 27, 2011

  In a trial designed to collect information about the cause of EMND, four horses were fed an experimental diet with low vitamin E and high levels of iron and copper.

• Exercise and Immune Response in Younger and Older Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 26, 2011

  The level of plasma cortisol increased in all horses following exercise, but concentrations were higher in younger horses than in older horses.

• Colic First Aid

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 7, 2011

  If you see classic signs of colic (pawing, rolling, horse looking at or nipping at flanks), what can you do before the veterinarian arrives?

• Vitamin E Critical for Nerve Health

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 4, 2011

  A diet that is deficient in vitamin E over a prolonged period can lead to equine motor neuron disease.

• Effects of Vitamin E Supplementation and Implications for Treatment of Neurologic Disease

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · December 29, 2010

  Several equine neurologic diseases have been associated with vitamin E deficiency or improve with vitamin E supplementation.

• Rabies

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 27, 2010

  Rabies can be spread to horses or humans by contact with an infected animal.

• Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in Horses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · December 20, 2010

  Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) is a degenerative central nervous system disease of horses, humans, and other animals.

• EPM: Don’t Blame the Barn Cats

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 20, 2010

  Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, or EPM, is caused by Sarcocystis neurona protozoa.

• No Sweat!

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 20, 2010

  Loss of the ability to sweat is known as anhidrosis.

• Heart Problems in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 20, 2010

  The circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) and respiratory system (lungs and airway) work together to provide oxygen and transport waste material from the horse's tissues.

• Shivers in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 14, 2010

  Shivers is a fairly uncommon equine condition characterized by tremors and exaggerated flexion of the hind limbs that is most noticeable when the horse is backed or its hind limbs are picked up (for example, for farriery). Often, the horse will also raise its tail head during an episode.

• Soaking Hay Can Lower Dust Concentrations

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 30, 2010

  For horses that are sensitive to inhaled irritants, eating hay can be a problem, as even the cleanest, best-quality hay is likely to contain a moderate amount of fine material.

• Refeeding Malnourished Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 8, 2010

  Understanding the effects of starvation, the likelihood for recovery, and basic principles of refeeding will help horse owners should they encounter a horse that requires a nutritional overhaul.

• Checking for Neurological Conditions

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 17, 2010

  Your horse stumbles. Does he need a trim, is he just being lazy, or does he have a potentially serious neurologic condition? A veterinarian should examine any horse whose owner is concerned about neurologic disease, but an easy ground procedure can give an owner a partial answer.

• Cardiac Disease Causes Poor Performance

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  An article in Hoof Beats indicates cardiac disease is the third most significant cause of poor performance in horses, following problems with the respiratory or musculoskeletal systems.

• Placentitis in Broodmares

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  Placentitis (inflammation of the placenta) may be caused by bacterial or fungal infection of the uterus, most often by organisms entering through the reproductive tract.

• Canine Pain Reliever Helps Navicular Pain

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  Horses suffering from navicular pain may be helped by a medication that has been used to treat dogs. Etodolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that works by blocking the production of the prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain.

• New Genetic Disease found in Quarter Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  Researchers have identified another in a growing line of genetic diseases affecting Quarter Horses.

• Equine Proliferative Enteropathy Caused by Lawsonia

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  Equine proliferative enteropathy is an emerging disease caused by the Lawsonia intracellularis bacterium. It is seen most commonly in recently weaned foals but can affect adult horses.

• PSSM: Feed Management Provides Relief

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  Low-starch, high-fat feeds seem to help many horses suffering from polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM), a condition that causes painful muscle cramping known as tying-up.

• Cushing’s Disease Diagnosis: Not a Simple Matter

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  Is ACTH level useful for diagnosing Cushing's disease in horses? The answer is yes, but it's not as simple as looking at the result of one blood test.

• Navicular Disease Treatment Benefits From Smaller Endoscope

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  Navicular disease, also known as palmar foot pain, is a frequent cause of lameness in older horses. A challenge for veterinarians is examining the structures within the hoof to determine the location and cause of pain.

• OCD Study Looks for Metabolic Clues

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 8, 2010

  Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a developmental orthopedic disease that results in lameness in young horses.

• Lyme Disease: Nutritional Support is Important

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 3, 2010

  In an article in Equestrian, Dr. Joe Pagan, equine nutritionist and president of Kentucky Equine Research, explained the importance of nutritional support for horses diagnosed with Lyme disease.

• Flexion Test is a Tool, Not a Guarantee

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 3, 2010

  Lameness and pre-purchase exams commonly include a flexion test of the forelegs.

• Reducing Risk of DOD

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 3, 2010

  A study in France looked at 401 foals from 3 breeds on 21 farms for the incidence of developmental orthopedic disease or osteochondrosis.

• Equine Recurrent Colic and Allergies

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 1, 2010

  Many horses lead healthy and useful lives well into their twenties or even longer. However, health problems tend to crop up in horses that have been around for several decades. When a number of maladies hit at the same time, owners are faced with finding diagnoses and making management changes to keep their equine pals on the right track. Here is a summary of one senior horse's situation and how his owner sought advice to solve her horse's problems.

• Horse Management: Beyond the Basics

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · February 1, 2010

  Horse owners need to make sure their equine charges have adequate pasture and/or hay; supplemental feed as required to support growth or performance; plenty of fresh water; and a safe place to live.

• Disease ABCs: Anthrax, Botulism, Corynebacterium

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 27, 2010

  Although the causative bacteria are naturally found in the soil and exposure is an everyday occurrence, most owners will never need to treat their horses for pigeon fever, botulism, or anthrax. These infections are not common, but they can have serious consequences. In some cases, an owner's awareness of the signs of illness might save a horse's life.

• White Line Disease Requires Early Diagnosis and Aggressive Treatment

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 27, 2010

  The white line is the narrow light-colored band visible on the underside of a freshly trimmed hoof at the junction of the hoof wall and the sole. White line disease, an infection that causes separation of the wall, may be seen first at the white line but actually affects the zone of contact between the hard outer wall and the middle layer of hoof tissue. It occurs most commonly in front feet but can occur in any foot.

• Colic Caused by Stomach Distention is a Life-Threatening Condition

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 27, 2010

  Colic is a fact of life for horse owners. Chances are very good that anyone who keeps several horses for several years will encounter colic at some time. Mild episodes may resolve on their own before a veterinarian can arrive, and more serious equine abdominal discomfort can often be managed with medication.

• Equine Diseases: Alphabet Soup Simplified

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 27, 2010

  Equine diseases, conditions, or problems are frequently referred to by their initials. Full names, a brief explanation of each condition, and management tips, if applicable, are given below.

• Managing Horses with Airway Disease

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 27, 2010

  A common name for the problem is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is also known as recurrent airway disease, recurrent airway obstruction, or inflammatory airway disease. The descriptions of the gelding and mare seem to discuss very different conditions because the disease can result from reactions to varying environmental stimuli.

• Horses with Anhidrosis Require Careful Management

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 27, 2010

  A horse that lacks the ability to produce sweat in normal quantities has a condition known as anhidrosis. Such an animal is sometimes called a nonsweater or a drycoated horse. Horses that sweat lightly or only in patches such as under the mane, in the saddle area, and on the chest are known as shy sweaters.

• Heaves and Inflammatory Airway Disease in Horses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · January 24, 2010

  Heaves and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) are important causes of allergic lower airway disease in horses. Horses with heaves tend to be older and have respiratory difficulty at rest (increased effort and rate of breathing, flaring of the nostrils, coughing, and mucus in the trachea and occasionally in the nostrils). Inflammatory airway disease primarily affects younger horses, such as those in training or recently put into work.

• Nutritional Support of Kidney Disease in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 24, 2010

  Serious kidney (renal) disease in horses is fairly uncommon. Clinical signs of kidney disease can be difficult to differentiate from other conditions but include lethargy, depression, inappetence, ulcers on the mouth or tongue, and edema or swelling of the legs and lower abdomen.

• Nutritional Support of Horses with Liver Disease

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 24, 2010

  The power of targeted equine nutrition programs is unquestionable. Take, for instance, the feeding management practices that almost entirely relieve horses of the crippling signs associated with tying-up. By reducing starch intake and filling the caloric void with fat and fiber, many racehorses genetically predisposed to the disease have become successful athletes.

• Cryotherapy Remains Relevant Treatment for Laminitis

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 24, 2010

  In order for cryotherapy to be effective, it must commence during the developmental stage. This is the time immediately after the horse has been placed at risk of developing laminitis but before signs such as lameness, bounding digital pulse, or hoof heat become apparent.

• The Two Phases of Laminitis

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 24, 2010

  The developmental phase occurs during the first 20-60 hours after exposure to the causative agent or inciting event, be it overconsumption of carbohydrates, retained placenta, colic, metabolic derangements (Cushing's disease or equine metabolic syndrome), trauma, excessive weight bearing, ingestion of toxin, or medication intolerance (certain steroids).

• Diagnosing Hypothyroidism in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 24, 2010

  The horse's endocrine system produces hormones that are distributed throughout the body by the blood. Complex cycles regulate hormone activity, and many hormones affect the actions of others.

• Equine Laminitis Pain Scale Used by Veterinarians

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 21, 2010

  Global use of the Obel scale to classify laminitis-induced lameness remains relevant in today's equine veterinary culture, according to researchers at the Royal Veterinary College, Hertforshire, UK.

• Nitrate and Nitrite Toxicity in Horses

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · January 21, 2010

  Nitrate toxicity is uncommon in horses but can be an important problem in ruminants. Horses can be exposed to nitrates by eating fertilizer or toxic forages and drinking contaminated water.

• Diagnosing Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

  By Dr. Bryan Waldridge · January 21, 2010

  Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) or equine Cushing's disease is caused by an enlargement of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland, resulting in overproduction of the steroid cortisol and loss of the normal feedback mechanisms that affect cortisol production.

• Eye Problems in Horses Diagnosed with HERDA

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 21, 2010

  Horses diagnosed with hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) often have skin-related problems, but researchers have uncovered certain eye disorders, specifically corneal conditions, that might also be linked to the disease.

• Cushing’s Disease: Seasonal Hormone Responses Measured

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 21, 2010

  Fall-onset laminitis in horses has baffled researchers, in part because horses that graze a pasture safely for several months often develop laminitis as the weather chills with no simultaneous change in diet. This seems doubly true of horses suffering from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), also known as Cushing's disease.

• Australian Stringhalt Prevalent among French Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 21, 2010

  French researchers studied 70 horses with Australian stringhalt from 2003 to 2008. All of the horses except one had a history of bilateral stringhalt, and all had grazed pastures containing the weed known as false dandelion or flatweed (Hypochoeris radicata sp.).

• Nutrition for Horses with Small Intestinal Colic

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 21, 2010

  Small intestinal colic can result from gas or fluid distension, obstruction of the small intestine (ileal impaction or roundworms), or twisting of the gut (small intestinal volvulus or pedunculated lipoma in old horses).

• Large Intestinal Colic in Horses: Nutritional Considerations

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 21, 2010

  Colic of the large intestine can result from gas or fluid distension, obstruction (impaction or enteroliths), or twisting of the gut (as in large intestinal volvulus or displacement of the large colon).

• Perception of Vitamin E and Selenium on Equine Muscle Problems

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 21, 2010

  One of the most important tenets of medicine is to first do no harm. Veterinarians and horse owners often factor in this belief when making management decisions, particularly if one party wants to try something that may not be specifically indicated but is unlikely to harm the horse.

• Some Zoonotic MRSA May Originate in Humans

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 19, 2010

  Researchers continue to investigate the zoonotic transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

• Tendonitis Could Limit Racehorse Careers

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 17, 2010

  Horses that have recovered from superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis had more limited careers than control horses in a recent study.

• Researchers Look at New Pathogen in Equine Grass Sickness

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 17, 2010

  Equine grass sickness (EGS) is characterized by polyneuropathy and ultimately death, sometimes in as little as two days following onset of illness. The disease is thought to be caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, type C, a soil-borne bacterium.

• Botulism in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 17, 2010

  Botulism is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Three types of botulism are recognized in horses. Adult horses usually ingest toxins produced by the bacteria in feedstuffs (sometimes referred to as forage poisoning).

• AAEP Workshop Focuses on Equine Nutrition

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 26, 2009

  At the 2008 convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, horse owners were allowed to attend a seminar on the subject of equine nutrition. The workshop identified nine keys to understanding horse nutrition. Keeping these points in mind should help horse owner's work out the best feed management plan for their horses.

• Updates on Equine Health and Wellness

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 24, 2009

  Horses are subject to numerous health challenges including bone malformations, soft tissue or skeletal injuries, and infections of various kinds. Research continues to turn up information that broadens our knowledge of causes, treatment, and prevention of some common equine health problems.

• Psyllium for Prevention of Sand Colic in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 28, 2008

  A number of treatment options have been used to evacuate sand from horses' gastrointestinal tracts. Previous research projects studying the effects of feeding psyllium to remove intestinal sand have had mixed results.

• Horse Colic Can Be a Real Pain!

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 28, 2007

  Colic is a catch all term used to describe abdominal discomfort from any cause. Signs of horse colic include pawing, kicking at the belly, looking at or nipping the flanks, rolling, sweating, or straining as if to pass urine or feces.

• Laminitis in Horses and Ponies on Pasture

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 26, 2007

  The condition is painful, often chronic, and sometimes fatal. Many horses never return to their previous levels of use after developing laminitis. Because of the seriousness of the disease, most owners would consider taking precautions to prevent laminitis in their horses if such management steps could be implemented.

• Salmonella Infection is something to Avoid

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 26, 2007

  The bacteria produce toxins that irritate the intestinal lining of the animal they infect. Some strains cause illness in horses, and others are responsible for infections in cattle and other animals.

• Muscle Disorder Breed Prevalence Studied

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 26, 2007

  Management changes related to exercise and diet have been of great value in helping some horses with muscle disorders, but other horses with similar problems have not shown a significant positive response to these changes.

• Arthritis a Prevalent Condition in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 25, 2007

  Diagnosing arthritis in horses usually involves a history of the horse's workload, as complete as possible; a general physical examination; and a lameness evaluation. The athletic history of a horse often conveys significant information. Expect an in-depth probe by a veterinarian. Is the horse returning to training after a short or long break from exercise?

• Equine Health and Management Trends

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 21, 2007

  The USDA recently released information collected by an equine demographics, health, and management survey.

• Health Management Strategies at Equine Events

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 21, 2007

  Equine events such as horse shows, sales, rodeos, race meets, fairs, and clinics are an enjoyable part of horse ownership. Unfortunately, they are also potential avenues for the transmission of contagious diseases.

• HYPP: Diet Makes a Difference

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 24, 2006

  Dietary management is key to preventing attacks.

• Managing Tying-Up in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · September 23, 2006

  Researchers have classified the general disease known as tying-up into distinct syndromes.

• Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 1, 2005

  It is most commonly seen as a sign of dehydration and electrolyte depletion among horses performing in endurance races.

• Genetic Diseases In Quarter Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 1, 2005

  Glycogen branching enzyme disease (GBED) is carried on a recessive gene and causes foals to be born dead or extremely weak.

• Corn Sensitive to Fumonisin Infestation

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 4, 2005

  The plant disease might involve individual kernels or clusters of kernels on an ear of corn. Discoloration of kernels is usually the first visible sign, with kernel caps becoming salmon-pink or a light shade of red. Once the signs develop, the pathogen may continue to spread on the ear, knitting a cotton-like growth that might eventually cover the entire ear. Complete coverage is likely to occur if moisture was trapped beneath the husk. Not all infected kernels, however, show signs.

• Laminitis Triggering Allergens

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 1, 2004

  This result indicates that laminitis flare-ups may be triggered by allergens and also by reactions to ingredients in common vaccines.

• Respiratory Ailments May Keep Horses from Top Performance

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2004

  Horse owners are often quick to lay blame on an allergy when a horse begins to cough or wheeze. An allergy is any hypersensitivity to a specific stimulus, even a stimulus that a horse has been previously exposed to without detriment. This hypersensitivity results in self-injury. The degree of debilitation caused by an allergy depends on the severity of the reaction and the number of body systems involved.

• Equine Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Studied

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 27, 2004

  Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, also called tying-up syndrome, refers to the severe muscle cramping and cellular damage seen in some exercising horses. Various forms of tying-up affect horses of several breeds and are caused by different metabolic processes.

• Roaring and Choking Down in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 26, 2004

  These terms are common names for conditions that restrict airflow in the laryngeal area. In both cases, noisy breathing and exercise intolerance are probably the first signs that will alert an owner or trainer to the problem.

• Oxygen Deprivation in Newborn Foals

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 26, 2004

  Some foals don't seem to recognize the mare and are unable to nurse. They may wander around the stall, getting stuck in a corner and being unable to find their way out. Others slip into frequent periods of deep sleep, have seizures, or make strange "barking" vocalizations.

• Mad Cow Disease Not Cause for Equine Concern

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 26, 2004

  At the present time there is no evidence that horses are susceptible to any prion diseases, and transmission to equines from infected cows, deer, or other species has not been noted. Some scientists, however, warn that many mammals are susceptible, at least under laboratory conditions, where infection has been experimentally introduced into pigs, monkeys, and other species.

• Lyme Disease in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 26, 2004

  Lyme disease can affect horses in various ways. Signs may be subtle and may mimic those of neurologic disorders. Lameness that seems to shift from joint to joint, sensitivity to touch, irritability, behavioral changes, low energy level, weight loss, eye inflammation, and pain in the muscles or joints are some of the more common indications.

• Equine Grass Sickness

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 25, 2004

  Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a mysterious and often-fatal disease that strikes down healthy young horses as they graze. Most cases have occurred in England, Wales, and Scotland, but EGS has also been seen in Europeand South America. Mal seco, an equine disease reported in South Africa, appears to be identical.

• Dorsal Displacement in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 25, 2004

  Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is a misalignment of tissues in the horse's throat. This condition, which is common in horses that work at high speeds, causes a drop in performance because affected horses are unable to breathe freely.

• Foal Heat Diarrhea Studied

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 25, 2004

  Mares come into estrus about seven to 14 days after giving birth. This period coincides with the occurrence of diarrhea in about 80% of foals, hence the name "foal heat diarrhea." There is no certain explanation as to why foals get diarrhea at this time, and various possible causes-influence of hormonal changes in mare's milk, foal begins to eat mare's manure, bacterial infection, parasite infestation-have been advanced.

• Foal Pneumonia

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · October 21, 2004

  Foal pneumonia is a common disease of young horses, and one of the leading causes of death in foals. Estimates put the incidence of infection as high in one in ten for all foals.

• Abbreviations for Horse Diseases

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 6, 2003

  Many equine diseases, conditions, or problems are frequently referred to by their initials. Full names, a brief explanation of each condition, and management tips, if applicable, are given below. The list also contains a few diseases that don't affect horses but are nevertheless "hot topics" among livestock producers.

• West Nile Virus & Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · December 6, 2003

  West Nile virus was first reported in the northeast United States in 1999. Since then, cases have been reported in almost every state and several Canadian provinces. Spread by mosquitoes, the virus can infect humans, horses, donkeys, mules, birds, and a host of other animals ranging from bears to alligators. Many infected horses are asymptomatic or show only slight fever or listlessness for a few days.

• Bridge the Gap Between OCD and Nutrition

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 4, 2003

  During normal bone growth, cartilage is remodeled into bone. It is during this physiologic revision that ossification goes awry and OCD lesions originate.

• Laminitis Basics

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2003

  While obesity-associated laminitis is not well understood among researchers and veterinarians, affected horses may go on to lead otherwise healthy lives if treatment is swift and diligent. Recommended treatments center around corrective trimming and shoeing, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for pain, and strict diet. Forced exercise can be imposed once all laminitis-related pain has abated.

• Colic Risk Factors

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2003

  Equine colic is loosely defined as abdominal pain. The causes are numerous, and the signs of discomfort (rolling, kicking at the abdomen, pawing, sweating) are familiar to most experienced horse handlers. Colic is one of the most common health emergencies, with an incidence of just over 9 cases per 100 horses in an average year. It is a leading reason for surgery and a frequent cause of death in horses.

• Collar May Aid DDSP

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 1, 2003

  A device known as the Cornell collar has been developed to reposition and hold the larynx and hyoid bone in place, thus preventing throat tissues from collapsing and blocking the passage of air.

• Managing Broodmares on Fescue Hay or Pasture

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 17, 2002

  For mares with known or suspected fescue exposure, managers should be sure the foaling is attended and a veterinarian is available. This is recommended even if mares have been treated with domperidone or fluphenazine. The attendant may need to cut the thickened placenta or help the mare expel a very large foal that is several weeks overdue.

• Nutrition for Horses on Stall Rest

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 3, 2002

  Horses recovering from colic, surgery, high fever, or colitis can present many challenges for their owners, but one that is frequently overlooked is how to feed horses through the illnesses. While countless researchers have devoted years of study to determine the proper nutritional balance for horses of different ages and workloads, little has been done to outline proper nutrition for the sick adult horse.

• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 3, 2002

  Developed for human use in breaking up kidney stones, the technique has been adopted by veterinarians to reduce pain and stimulate healing in some types of injuries. "Extracorporeal" refers to the fact that the treatment is given from outside the horse's body, in contrast to oral medications, injections, or surgery that are considered more invasive.

• Shivers, Stringhalt, and Australian Stringhalt

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2002

  Stumbling, lack of energy, reluctance to back, and stomping of the hind limbs may be early indications of a growing problem, but these signs are often overlooked or attributed to other causes. Shivers occurs most frequently in draft horses and warmbloods, although the condition has been seen in other breeds as well. There is considerable evidence of heritability. One researcher reports a higher incidence in stallions and geldings than in mares.

• Strangles in Horses

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2002

  A horse that has had strangles seems to acquire partial immunity lasting several months to several years, and subsequent infections tend to be less severe. There is some evidence that horses allowed to recover on their own have a longer-lasting immunity than those that are treated with antibiotics.

• Equine Herpesvirus

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2002

  Vaccination at an early age, and then periodically depending on management factors, is recommended to reduce the incidence and severity of disease. No vaccine provides complete, permanent protection, although research is in progress to produce a more effective vaccine. Owners should contact a veterinarian for advice on vaccinating young horses, pregnant mares, and horses that may have been exposed to EHV.

• Eastern Equine Encephalitis

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2002

  Eastern equine encephalitis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a viral disease that affects horses, some other animals, and humans. EEE occurs in the eastern half of the United States, most commonly on the eastern seaboard and the Gulf coast. It is also found in Central and South Americaand the Caribbean. A similar disease, western equine encephalitis (WEE) is present in the western United States.

• Equine Arthritis, A Pain in the Joint

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2002

  Acute arthritis can be caused by injury or by bacterial or viral infection. Chronic arthritis is often osteoarthritis that results from the cumulative effects of day-to-day activity and stress. Old injuries, joint infections, and years of training and performance can all lead to the development of joint pain and stiffness. Poor conformation, hoof deformities, and problems with trimming or shoeing are other contributing factors. Probably there is some genetic influence also.

• Cushing’s Disease Threatens the Health of the Older Horse

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2002

  Because of the predisposition for sole abscesses and laminitis, strict attention must be paid to hoof care. Regular trimming or shoeing at four- to six-week intervals is imperative. All attempts to reduce the likelihood of laminitis should be implemented, including gradual changes in diet and limited exposure to carbohydrate-rich spring pastures. On the veterinary front, regular deworming is paramount.

• MRLS Still a Conundrum One Year after Outbreak

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 2, 2002

  A constellation of the finest scientists-veterinarians, agronomists, toxicologists, arborists, nutritionists, entomologists, meteorologists, and epidemiologists from all over the world-remain baffled a year after the onset of the crippling economic and emotional war waged in central Kentucky and its surrounding lands, the mecca of Thoroughbred breeding.

• Nutrition for Horses with Metabolic Disorders

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 10, 2002

  Proper nutrition is extremely important in managing horses with metabolic disorders. Regulating the amount and type of feed, with special attention to carbohydrates, allows many horses to show minimal disease signs, maintain healthy body condition, stay comfortable, and safely perform exercise.

• Avoid Risks from Fumonisin in Corn

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 10, 2002

  Unlike some fungus or mold species that cause problems in stored grain, Fusarium grows on corn plants before they are harvested. Stress from weather or insect damage can make plants more susceptible.

• Recovery from Enteritis Dictates Changes in Feed Management

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · January 10, 2002

  Enteritis is an inflammation of the small intestine. More specifically, anterior (or proximal) enteritis affects the duodenum and jejunum, sections of the small intestine anatomically closest to the stomach.

• Gastric Ulcers in Horses: A Widespread but Manageable Disease

  By Kentucky Equine Research Staff · November 17, 1999

  Every equine practitioner appreciates the delicate nature of the equine gut. Problems related to the small intestine and large intestine are well understood and routinely treated. What may be surprising to many is how often the stomach is affected. Specifically, the incidence of gastric ulcers is extremely high, particularly in performance horses.